Proke PAD nibice byingenzi byumutekano muri sisitemu ya feri, bigira uruhare rukomeye mubwiza bwa feri, kandi feri nziza ninzi ko abantu nabafite ibinyabiziga (indege).
Ubwa mbere, inkomoko ya feri
Mu 1897, Herbertfrood yahimbye padi ya mbere ya feri (akoresheje umugozi wo gushimangirwa nka fibre) kandi ibakoresha mu magare yashushanyije ku mafarashi n'imodoka kare, isosiyete ya Ferodo isi izwi cyane. Hanyuma mu 1909, isosiyete yahimbye isi ya mbere ya Asibesitosi ishingiye ku nkota asibesitosi; Mu 1968, impapuro za perezida wa mbere ku isi zavumbuwe, kandi kuva icyo gihe, ibikoresho byo guterana amagambo byatangiye kwiteza imbere ku buntu ku buntu bwa asibesitosi. Murugo no mumahanga yatangiye kwiga fibre zitandukanye zasimbuye asibesitosi nka libre, fibre yikirahure, fibre ya Aramid, fibre ya karubone, ibisabwa bya karubone nibindi bikoresho mubikoresho byo guterana amagambo.
Icya kabiri, gutondekanya feri
Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gushyira ibikoresho bya feri. Imwe igabanijwe no gukoresha ibigo. Nk'ibikoresho bya feri yimodoka, gari ya moshi ibikoresho bya feri nibikoresho bya feri bishinzwe indege. Uburyo bwo gutondekanya buroroshye kandi bworoshye kubyumva. Imwe igabanijwe ukurikije ubwoko bwibintu. Ubu buryo bwo gutondekanya ni siyansi. Ibikoresho bya feri bigezweho birimo ibyiciro bitatu bikurikira: Ibikoresho bya feri bishingiye kuri feri (ibikoresho bya feri ya asibesi, ibikoresho bya feri bitavuga, ibikoresho bya feri.
Icya gatatu, ibikoresho bya feri
1, ubwoko bwibikoresho bya feri yimodoka ukurikije ibikoresho byo gukora biratandukanye. Irashobora kugabanywamo urupapuro rwa asbestos, urupapuro rwicyuma cyangwa urupapuro rwibyuma make, nao (asbestos kubuntu) urupapuro rwa karubone, urupapuro rwa karubone na ceraramic.
1.1. Urupapuro
Kuva mu ntangiriro, asibesitosi yakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho byo gushimangira feri, kuko asbestos fibre ifite imbaraga nyinshi n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bityo birashobora kujuje ibisabwa na feri na gaskes. Iyi fibre ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwa tensile, irashobora no guhuza steel yicyiciro cyicyiciro kinini, kandi irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa 316 ° C. Ikirenzeho, asbestos ihendutse. Yakuwe muri Amphibole ore, iboneka ku bwinshi mu bihugu byinshi. Ibikoresho byo guswera bya asibesitosi bikoresha cyane cyane asibesitosi, aribyo magnesium magnesium yaseba (3mgo · 2So2 · 2H2O) nkuko bishimangira. Umwuka wuzuza kugirango uhindure ibintu byongeweho. Ibikoresho kama Matrix biboneka mukanda ibifatika mubikoresho bishyushye.
Mbere ya za 70. Impapuro za asibesitosi zikoreshwa cyane kwisi. Kandi yiganjemo igihe kirekire. Ariko, kubera imikorere mibi yo kohereza ibinyomoro bya asibesitosi. Ubushyuhe bwo guswera ntibushobora guterwa vuba. Bizatera uruhinja rwo kubora hejuru yuburebure. Ongera kwambara ibikoresho. Hagati aho. Amazi ya kirisiti ya fibre ya asibesitosi yiyongereyeho hejuru ya 400 ℃. Umutungo wamakimbirane uragabanuka cyane kandi kwambara byiyongereye cyane iyo bigeze kuri 550 ℃ cyangwa birenga. Amazi ya kirisiti yabuze ahanini. Kuzamura birazimiye rwose. Icy'ingenzi. Bigaragazwa. Asibesitosi nibintu bifite ibyangiritse cyane ingingo zubuhumekero. Nyakanga 1989. Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika (EPA) cyatangaje ko bizabuza ibicuruzwa, gukora, no gutunganya ibicuruzwa byose bya asibesitosi bitarenze 1997.
1.2, urupapuro rwicyuma
Nubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byateye imbere hashingiwe ku mikoreshereze y'ibikoresho by'inganda n'imiterere gakondo metallurgie ibikoresho. Ikoresha fibre fibre aho kuba fibre fibre. Nibikoresho bidahwitse byatewe imbere na sosiyete y'Abanyamerika Bendes mu ntangiriro ya za 70.
Ati: "Igice cya kabiri cya Ferid's Frake (kimwe cya kabiri) gikozwe ahanini n'ubwoya bukabije nk'ibishimangira fibre n'ivangwa ry'ingenzi. Asibesitosi hamwe na Asbestos Organic Feke Proke (Nao) irashobora gutandukanya byoroshye isura (fibre nziza nibice), kandi bafite kandi imitungo runaka.
Ibikoresho bya kimwe cya kabiri cyamashanyarazi bifite ibintu nyamukuru bikurikira:
(l) gihamye cyane munsi yubufatanye. Ntabwo itanga umwanda. Umutekano mwiza;
(2) Kwambara neza. Ubuzima bwa serivisi ni inshuro 3-5 yibikoresho bya asibesitosi;
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(4) Imyitwarire myiza yubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe Gradient ni nto. Cyane cyane kubicuruzwa bito bya feri;
(5) urusaku ruto rwa feri.
Amerika, Uburayi, Ubuyapani nibindi bihugu byatangiye guteza imbere ikoreshwa ryibice binini mu myaka ya za 1960. Kwambara kwambara igice cyicyuma kirenze 25% kurenza iy'urupapuro rwa Asibesitosi. Kugeza ubu, ifite umwanya wiganje mu isoko rya feri mu Bushinwa. N'imodoka nyinshi zo muri Amerika. Cyane cyane imodoka hamwe nimodoka yabagenzi nigiturire. Igice cya feri-icyuma kibarwa kirenze 80%.
Ariko, ibicuruzwa birimo kandi ibitagenda neza:
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(4) Ubucucike bwinshi.
Nubwo "igice cyicyuma" gifite ibitagenda neza, ariko kubera umusaruro mwiza, igiciro gito, kiracyari ibikoresho byatoranijwe kuri feri ya Automotive.
1.3. Nao film
Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, hari fibre zitandukanye za Hyebrid zishimangiye asibesitosi mu isi, ni ukuvuga igisekuru cya gatatu cya Asbestos-Ubuntu Hagati ya Nao yandika feri. Intego yacyo ni uguhimba ibihano bya fibre imwe yashimangiye ibikoresho bya feri ya ec-libellic, fibre yakoreshejwe ni fibre yikirahure, fibre yikirahure, fibre ya ceramic, fibre ya karubone, fibre kandi. Kubera gushyira mubikorwa fibre nyinshi, fibre yo muri feri yuzuzanya mubikorwa, kandi biroroshye gukora frare lift formulaire ifite imikorere myiza yuzuye. Inyungu nyamukuru y'urupapuro rwa Nao nugukomeza ingaruka nziza ku bushyuhe bwo hasi cyangwa hejuru, kugabanya kwambara, kugabanya urusaku, no kwagura ubuzima bwa feri ya feri, byerekana icyerekezo cyiterambere ryubu. Ibikoresho byo guterana ibitekerezo byakoreshejwe nisi izwi cyane kwisi ya benz / prilodo ibikoresho bya gatatu na byanditse, bikaba bishobora gucana kubuntu, kurinda ubuzima bwa shoferi, kandi bikange ubuzima bwa disiki ya feri.
1.4, urupapuro rwa karubone
Ibikoresho bya karubone, karubone Ibikoresho bitandukanye nuburyo ibintu hamwe na fibre ya karubone yashimangiye Carbon Matrix. Imiterere yacyo ni nziza. Ubucucike bugufi (ibyuma gusa); Urwego rwo hejuru. Ifite ubushobozi buhanitse burenze ifu ya metallurgirgy na steel; Ubushyuhe bwinshi; Nta kuringanirwa, ibintu byerekana. Ubushyuhe bugera kuri 200 ℃; Guterana amagambo meza no kwambara imikorere. Ubuzima burebure. Coeeffificure ihamye irahamye kandi ziciriritse mugihe cya feri. Impapuro za karubone-karubone zakoreshwaga bwa mbere mu ndege za gisirikare. Nyuma yakiriwe na formula 1 imodoka ziruka, niyo ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya karubone ya karubone muri feri ya modoka.
Ibikoresho bya karubone hutingi bya karubone nibikoresho byihariye bifite ubushyuhe bwumuriro, kwambara kurwanya, gukora amashanyarazi, imbaraga zihariye, elastique yihariye nibindi byinshi biranga. Ariko, ibikoresho bya karubone-karubone bifite kandi bifitanye n'amakosa akurikira: Guhuza amakimbirane ntibihungabana. Bigira ingaruka cyane kubera ubushuhe;
Kurwanya okiside mbi (okiside ikabije bibaho hejuru ya 50 ° C mu kirere). Ibisabwa byinshi kubidukikije (byumye, bifite isuku); Bihenze cyane. Imikoreshereze igarukira mumirima idasanzwe. Iyi niyo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma kugabanya ibikoresho bya karubone bigoye kuzamura cyane.
1.5, ibice ceramic
Nk'ibicuruzwa bishya mubikoresho byo guterana amagambo. Amapadiri ya Ceramic afite ibyiza nta rusaku, nta kuvura kugwa, nta ruswa ya hub, ubuzima burebure, kurinda ibidukikije nibindi. Urupapuro rwa feri ya Ceramic rwateguwe mbere na feri ya Reapani rwa Feke Padi muri 1990. Buhoro buhoro kuba umukunzi mushya wisoko rya feri.
Uhagarariye ibisanzwe bishingiye ku baterankunga ba Ceramic ni C / C-C-Cucposites, ni ukuvuga, CARBON fibre ishimangirwa na silicon karbide matrix c / cic composite. Abashakashatsi baturutse muri kaminuza ya Stuttgart n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi mu kidage cyize gusaba C / C-C-SIC mu rwego rwo guterana amagambo, kandi bateye ubwoba C / C-S-C-SIC ya feri yo gukoresha mu modoka za porsche. Oak Ridge Laboratoire Yigihugu hamwe na Syneywell Abayobozi, Sisitemu yubuki
2, CARBON CERAMIC YAMAHA YAMAHA YEMEWE PROD Ibyiza:
1, ugereranije na Gray Gratish Cast feri yicyuma, uburemere bwa feri ya karubone yagabanutseho 60%, ubwinshi budahagarikwa bugabanuka ku kilo hafi 23;
2, ingufu za feri zifite ubwiyongere bwo hejuru, umuvuduko wa feri wiyongereye kandi kondagurika kwa feri bigabanuka;
3, uburebure bwa kanseri ya ceramic y'ibikoresho bya karubone iri hagati ya 0.1% kuri 0.3%, bikaba bifite agaciro gakomeye kubikoresho bya ceramic;
4, peteroli ya ceramic yumva amerewe neza, irashobora guhita itanga imbaraga ntarengwa zo gufata feri, bityo ntagomba kongera uburyo bwo gufata feri, kandi nta nubwo feri igabanya ubufasha bwa feri, kandi igabanuka rusange irihuta kandi rigufi kuruta sisitemu ya feri ya gakondo;
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6, feri ya ceramic ifite iramba ridasanzwe, niba ikoreshwa risanzwe ari ubuzima bwubusa, kandi ste disiki isanzwe ya feri ikoreshwa muri rusange ikoreshwa mumyaka mike kugirango isimbure.
Igihe cyohereza: Sep-08-2023