Feri ya feri nigice cyingenzi cyumutekano muri sisitemu ya feri, igira uruhare rukomeye mubwiza bwingaruka za feri, kandi feri nziza ni ukurinda abantu nibinyabiziga (indege).
Ubwa mbere, inkomoko ya feri
Mu 1897, HerbertFrood yahimbye feri ya mbere ya feri (akoresheje umugozi w ipamba nka fibre ishimangira fibre) ayikoresha mumagare akururwa nifarashi no mumodoka yo hambere, ari naho sosiyete ya Ferodo izwi kwisi yose. Hanyuma mu 1909, isosiyete yahimbye feri ya feri ya asibesitosi ya mbere ikomeye ku isi; Mu 1968, havumbuwe feri ya mbere y’icyuma gishingiye ku cyuma cya feri, kandi kuva icyo gihe, ibikoresho byo guterana amagambo byatangiye gukura bigana kuri asibesitosi. Mu gihugu no hanze yacyo batangiye kwiga fibre zitandukanye zo gusimbuza asibesitosi nka fibre yicyuma, fibre yikirahure, fibre aramid, fibre karubone nibindi bikoresho mubikoresho byo guterana amagambo.
Icya kabiri, gutondekanya feri
Hariho inzira ebyiri zingenzi zo gutondekanya ibikoresho bya feri. Imwe igabanijwe no gukoresha ibigo. Nkibikoresho bya feri yimodoka, ibikoresho bya feri ya gari ya moshi nibikoresho bya feri yindege. Uburyo bwo gutondeka ibintu biroroshye kandi byoroshye kubyumva. Imwe igabanijwe ukurikije ubwoko bwibikoresho. Ubu buryo bwo gutondeka ni siyansi. Ibikoresho bya feri bigezweho birimo ibyiciro bitatu bikurikira: ibikoresho bya feri bishingiye kuri resin (ibikoresho bya feri ya asibesitosi, ibikoresho bya feri itari asibesitosi, ibikoresho bya feri bishingiye ku mpapuro), ibikoresho bya feri ya feri ya metallurgie, ibikoresho bya feri ya karubone / karubone hamwe nibikoresho bya feri.
Icya gatatu, ibikoresho bya feri yimodoka
1, ubwoko bwibikoresho bya feri yimodoka ukurikije ibikoresho byo gukora biratandukanye. Irashobora kugabanywamo urupapuro rwa asibesitosi, urupapuro rwicyuma cyangwa urupapuro ruto, urupapuro rwa NAO (ibinyabuzima bya asibesitosi byubusa), urupapuro rwa karubone na karubasi.
Urupapuro rwa Asibesitosi
Kuva mu ntangiriro, asibesitosi yakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho byo gushimangira feri, kubera ko fibre ya asibesitosi ifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi ikarwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, bityo ikaba ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa na feri ya feri na disiki ya clutch na gasketi. Iyi fibre ifite ubushobozi bukomeye, irashobora no guhuza ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, kandi irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa 316 ° C. Ikirenze ibyo, asibesitosi ihendutse. Yakuwe mu bucukuzi bwa amphibole, buboneka ku bwinshi mu bihugu byinshi. Ibikoresho byo guteranya asibesitosi bifashisha cyane cyane fibre ya asibesitosi, aribyo silikatike ya magnesium hydrated (3MgO · 2SiO2 · 2H2O) nka fibre ikomeza. Uzuza ibintu byo guteranya ibintu byongeweho. Ibikoresho ngengabuzima bya matrix biboneka mugukanda ibifatika mumashanyarazi ashyushye.
Mbere ya za 1970. Impapuro zo guteranya ubwoko bwa Asibesitosi zikoreshwa cyane kwisi. Kandi yiganje igihe kirekire. Ariko, kubera imikorere mibi yo kohereza ubushyuhe bwa asibesitosi. Ubushyuhe bwo guterana ntibushobora gukwirakwira vuba. Bizatera ubushyuhe bwumuriro wubuso bwubuso bwimbitse. Ongera kwambara ibikoresho. Hagati aho. Amazi ya kirisiti ya fibre ya asibesitosi yaguye hejuru ya 400 ℃. Umutungo wo guterana wagabanutse cyane kandi kwambara byiyongera cyane iyo bigeze kuri 550 ℃ cyangwa birenga. Amazi ya kirisiti yatakaye cyane. Gutezimbere byatakaye rwose. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho. Byaragaragaye mubuvuzi. Asibesitosi ni ikintu cyangiza cyane imyanya y'ubuhumekero y'abantu. Nyakanga 1989. Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) cyatangaje ko kizahagarika ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, gukora, no gutunganya ibicuruzwa byose bya asibesitosi mu 1997.
1.2, urupapuro rwicyuma
Nubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byo guteranya byakozwe hashingiwe kubintu byo guteranya kama hamwe nifu ya gakondo ya metallurgie yo guterana. Ikoresha fibre fibre aho gukoresha fibre ya asibesitosi. Nibikoresho byo guteranya asibesitosi byakozwe na Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika Bendis mu ntangiriro ya za 70.
"Semi-metal" feri ya feri ya feri (Semi-met) ikozwe cyane cyane mubwoya bwicyuma nka fibre ikomeza kandi ivanze ningirakamaro. Asibesitosi na feri ya feri ya asibesitosi (NAO) irashobora gutandukana byoroshye nigaragara (fibre nziza nuduce), kandi bifite na magnetique runaka.
Ibikoresho byo guteranya Semi-metallic bifite ibintu byingenzi bikurikira:
(l) Birahagaze neza munsi ya coefficient de friction. Ntabwo itanga kubora. Ubushyuhe bwiza;
(2) Kurwanya kwambara neza. Ubuzima bwa serivisi bukubye inshuro 3-5 zububiko bwa asibesitosi;
(3) Imikorere myiza yo guterana munsi yumutwaro uremereye hamwe na coefficient ihamye;
(4) Amashanyarazi meza. Ubushyuhe buringaniye ni buto. Cyane cyane kibereye ibicuruzwa bito bya feri;
(5) Urusaku ruto rwa feri.
Amerika, Uburayi, Ubuyapani n'ibindi bihugu byatangiye guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry'ahantu hanini mu myaka ya za 1960. Kurwanya kwambara igice cyicyuma kirenga 25% kurenza urupapuro rwa asibesitosi. Kugeza ubu, ifite umwanya wiganje ku isoko rya feri mu Bushinwa. Kandi imodoka nyinshi zabanyamerika. Cyane cyane imodoka nibinyabiziga bitwara abagenzi. Igice cya feri yicyuma cyarenze 80%.
Nyamara, ibicuruzwa nabyo bifite inenge zikurikira:
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(4) Ubucucike bukabije.
Nubwo "icyuma-cyuma" kidafite inenge nke, ariko kubera umusaruro mwiza uhagaze neza, igiciro gito, biracyari ibikoresho byatoranijwe kuri feri yimodoka.
1.3. NAO film
Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, ku isi habaye fibre fibre itandukanye ikomezwa na feri ya asibesitosi idafite feri, ni ukuvuga igisekuru cya gatatu cyibintu bidafite asibesitosi bidafite umubiri wa NAO. Intego yacyo ni ugukosora inenge ya fibre fibre imwe yongerewe ingufu za feri ya feri, fibre ikoreshwa ni fibre yibihingwa, fibre aramong, fibre y ibirahure, fibre ceramic, fibre karubone, fibre minerval nibindi. Kuberako ikoreshwa rya fibre nyinshi, fibre ziri kumurongo wa feri zuzuzanya mubikorwa, kandi biroroshye gushushanya formula ya feri hamwe nibikorwa byiza byuzuye. Inyungu nyamukuru yurupapuro rwa NAO nugukomeza gufata feri nziza mubushyuhe buke cyangwa hejuru, kugabanya kwambara, kugabanya urusaku, no kongera igihe cyumurimo wa disiki ya feri, byerekana icyerekezo cyiterambere cyibikoresho byo guterana. Ibikoresho byo guteranya bikoreshwa na marike azwi kwisi yose ya feri ya feri ya Benz / Philodo nigisekuru cya gatatu cya NAO asibesitosi idafite ibikoresho ngengabuzima, ishobora gufata feri yubusa ku bushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose, ikarinda ubuzima bwumushoferi, kandi ikanagura ubuzima bwa feri disiki.
1.4, urupapuro rwa karubone
Carbone karubone yibikoresho byo guteranya ibintu ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bifite fibre karubone ikomezwa na matrike ya karubone. Imiterere yacyo yo guterana amagambo ni nziza. Ubucucike buke (ibyuma gusa); Urwego rwo hejuru. Ifite ubushyuhe burenze kure ibikoresho bya powder metallurgie nicyuma; Ubushyuhe bwinshi; Nta guhindagurika, ibintu bifatika. Ubushyuhe bwo gukora bugera kuri 200 ℃; Guterana neza no kwambara imikorere. Kuramba kuramba. Coefficient de friction irahagaze kandi iringaniye mugihe cya feri. Amabati ya karubone-karubone yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu ndege za gisirikare. Nyuma yaje kwemezwa n’imodoka yo gusiganwa ya Formula 1, niyo yonyine ikoreshwa mubikoresho bya karubone mu bikoresho bya feri yimodoka.
Carbone karubone yibikoresho byo guteranya ibintu nibintu bidasanzwe bifite ubushyuhe bwumuriro, kwambara birwanya, amashanyarazi, imbaraga zihariye, elastique yihariye nibindi byinshi biranga. Nyamara, ibikoresho bya karuboni-karubone yibikoresho byo guteranya nabyo bifite inenge zikurikira: coefficente yo guterana ntigihinduka. Yibasiwe cyane nubushuhe;
Kurwanya okiside mbi (okiside ikabije iba hejuru ya 50 ° C mu kirere). Ibisabwa cyane kubidukikije (byumye, bisukuye); Birahenze cyane. Imikoreshereze igarukira kumirima idasanzwe. Ninimpamvu nyamukuru ituma kugabanya ibikoresho bya karubone bigoye kumenyekanisha cyane.
1.5, ibice byubutaka
Nibicuruzwa bishya mubikoresho byo guterana amagambo. Amashanyarazi ya feri ya ceramic afite ibyiza byo kutagira urusaku, nta ivu rigwa, nta kwangirika kw'ibiziga, ubuzima bwa serivisi ndende, kurengera ibidukikije n'ibindi. Ceramic feri yamashanyarazi yabanje gutunganywa namasosiyete yubuyapani ya feri yo mu myaka ya za 90. Buhoro buhoro uhinduke umukunzi mushya w'isoko rya feri.
Ubusanzwe uhagarariye ibikoresho bya ceramic bishingiye ku guterana ni C / C-sic igizwe, ni ukuvuga fibre karubone ishimangira silicon carbide matrix C / SiC. Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Stuttgart hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’indege cy’Ubudage cy’Ubudage bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa rya C / C-sic mu rwego rwo guterana amagambo, banashyiraho feri ya C / C-SIC kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu modoka za Porsche. Laboratoire y'igihugu ya Oak Ridge hamwe na Honeywell Yatezimbere, HoneywellAireratf Lnading Sisitemu, hamwe na sisitemu ya Honeywell CommercialVehicle Isosiyete ikorana nogutezimbere feri ya C / SiC ihendutse ya feri kugirango isimbuze ibyuma bikozwe hamwe na feri yicyuma ikoreshwa mumodoka ziremereye.
2, karubone ceramic compite feri nziza:
1, ugereranije nicyuma gisanzwe cya feri yicyuma gisanzwe, uburemere bwa feri ya karubone ceramic yagabanutseho hafi 60%, naho misa idahagarikwa igabanuka hafi kilo 23;
2, coefficente ya feri yoguhagarika ifite kwiyongera cyane, umuvuduko wa feri wiyongera kandi feri iragabanuka;
3, kurambura kwinshi kwibikoresho bya karubone biva kuri 0.1% kugeza 0.3%, nigiciro kinini cyane kubikoresho byubutaka;
4, ceramic disiki ya ceramic yumva yorohewe cyane, irashobora guhita itanga imbaraga ntarengwa zo gufata feri mugice cyambere cyo gufata feri, kuburyo ntanubwo bikenewe kongera sisitemu yo gufasha feri, kandi feri muri rusange irihuta kandi ngufi kuruta sisitemu ya feri gakondo. ;
5, kugirango urwanye ubushyuhe bwinshi, hariho ubushyuhe bwa ceramic hagati ya piston ya feri na feri ya feri;
6, disiki ya ceramic feri ifite uburebure budasanzwe, niba ikoreshwa risanzwe risimburwa kubuzima bwose, kandi disiki isanzwe ya feri yicyuma ikoreshwa mumyaka mike kugirango isimburwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-08-2023